We are thrilled to announce that fully solved answers to all 4 papers of the DNB Pediatrics December 2025 examination are now available on the Pediatrics PYQ.

What’s Included in This Update?

We haven’t just provided the answers; we have meticulously crafted detailed, easy-to-understand solutions for every single question across:

• Paper 1 (Basic Sciences as applied to Pediatrics)
• Paper 2 (Neonatology and Community Pediatrics)
• Paper 3 (General Pediatrics and Systemic Pediatrics)
• Paper 4 (Recent Advances and Allied Specialties)

How to Access the Dec 2025 Papers

These newly added, premium solutions are exclusively available in the GOLD Section of our app.

If you are already a GOLD member, simply open your app, navigate to the GOLD question bank, and start studying immediately!

If you haven’t upgraded yet, now is the perfect time to unlock the complete question bank and give your preparation the ultimate boost. You can view our membership plans here: pediatrics.medforum.in/pyq/memberships.

Study Anywhere, on Any Device

Whether you are on ward rounds or sitting at your study desk, Pediatrics PYQ is designed to be right there with you. Choose the platform that fits your workflow:

• Android Users: For the best mobile experience, download or update the app directly from the Google Play Store:Download Pediatrics PYQ on Android
• iOS & Laptop Users: Prefer studying on a larger screen, a MacBook, or an iPhone? Access our fully optimized Web App directly from your browser—no downloads required:Visit the Pediatrics PYQ Web App

Our goal remains the same: to make your DNB and DCH preparation as smooth, organized, and effective as possible. Dive into the new papers today and stay one step ahead in your exam prep.

Happy Studying!

The Pediatrics PYQ Team

Pediatrics.MedForum.in

The Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) is a live attenuated vaccine containing Sabin strains of poliovirus (serotypes 1, 2, and 3). It is a cornerstone of the global effort to eradicate poliomyelitis.

1. Mechanism and Immunity

• Administration: Given as oral drops, the vaccine viruses infect and multiply within the intestinal mucosa cells.
• Mucosal Immunity: It induces robust secretory IgA in the gut, which protects the individual from paralytic disease and significantly reduces feco-oral transmission, thereby interrupting the circulation of wild polioviruses.
• Herd Immunity: Vaccinated individuals excrete the attenuated virus, which can spread to and protect unimmunized contacts in the community.

2. Types of OPV

• Trivalent OPV (tOPV): Contained all three serotypes; it was globally replaced by bivalent OPV in 2016 to eliminate the risk associated with the type 2 Sabin strain.
• Bivalent OPV (bOPV): Contains only serotypes 1 and 3. It is currently used in routine immunization.
• Monovalent OPV (mOPV): Contains only one serotype (mOPV1, mOPV2, or mOPV3).
  • mOPV1 and mOPV3 are more immunogenic than trivalent OPV against their respective types and have been used in supplemental immunization campaigns to target specific outbreaks.
  • mOPV2 was used specifically for responding to type 2 outbreaks after the global tOPV-to-bOPV switch.

3. Novel Oral Polio Vaccine (nOPV)

• nOPV2: This is a genetically stabilized variant of mOPV2. It was developed to address outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2).
• Advantages: nOPV2 is as safe and effective as Sabin mOPV2 but is significantly less likely to revert to a virulent form that causes paralysis in settings with low population immunity.
• Future Strains: Genetically stable novel strains for serotypes 1 and 3 (nOPV1 and nOPV3) are in development and may eventually replace bOPV.

4. Risks and the "Endgame" Strategy

• VAPP and cVDPV: Rarely, the Sabin strains can cause Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis (VAPP) in a recipient or mutate into circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) in areas with low vaccine coverage.
• Sequential Schedule: To mitigate these risks, the current "Polio Endgame" strategy involves a sequential schedule using both Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) and OPV. IPV provides systemic immunity to prevent paralysis, while OPV maintains the mucosal immunity needed to stop virus transmission.

5. Immunization Schedule (India)

• Birth Dose: A "zero dose" is given at birth.
• Primary Series: Three doses of bOPV are administered at 6, 10, and 14 weeks, along with fractional doses of IPV at 6 and 14 weeks.
• Boosters: A booster dose of bOPV is typically given at 16–24 months.

See reply for answer.

Launched by the WHO on November 17, 2020, this is the first global health strategy to target the elimination of a cancer as a public health problem. It represents a coordinated global effort to reduce the burden of a disease that is almost entirely preventable and curable if detected early.

2. The "Elimination" Threshold

Cervical cancer is considered "eliminated" as a public health problem when all countries reach an annual incidence rate of $\le$ 4 cases per 100,000 women.

3. The "90-70-90" Targets (By 2030)

To reach the elimination goal within the century, every country must meet three key targets by the year 2030:

• 90% Vaccination (Primary Prevention): 90% of girls should be fully vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by the age of 15 years.
• 70% Screening (Secondary Prevention): 70% of women should be screened using a high-performance test (e.g., HPV DNA test) at least twice in their lifetime—once by age 35 and again by age 45.
• 90% Treatment (Tertiary Prevention): 90% of women identified with cervical disease should receive treatment:

• • 90% of women with pre-cancer treated.

  • 90% of women with invasive cancer managed with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and palliative care.

     

4. The Three-Pillar Approach

The strategy is built on three interconnected pillars that must be implemented simultaneously:

1. Prevention: Expanding HPV vaccination.
2. Screening: Transitioning from cytology (Pap smear) to High-Performance HPV DNA testing, which has higher sensitivity and allows for longer screening intervals (every 5-10 years).
3. Treatment: Strengthening surgical, oncological, and palliative care services to ensure those diagnosed are not just identified but cured.

5. Significance of "High-Performance Tests"

The WHO recommends HPV DNA testing over Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) or Cytology (Pap) because it is more objective, allows for self-sampling (increasing coverage), and is more effective at detecting high-risk HPV strains (16 and 18).

6. Expected Impact

• Short-term (By 2030): Avert an estimated 300,000 deaths.
• Long-term: Reduce the median cervical cancer incidence rate by 42% by 2045 and by 95% by 2120, preventing over 62 million deaths worldwide.

See the reply below for answer. 

Read at CDC

These are the changes advised by the WHO in the treatment of tuberculosis.

However these changes are not yet (until April 2026) done in NTEP program in India. So if asked according to NTEP , the already running treatment protocols are used.

1. Drug-Susceptible Pulmonary TB (DS-TB)

The traditional "6-month RIPE" regimen (2 months of HRZE / 4 months of HR) is no longer the sole standard of care for adults and adolescents.

• The Change: Introduction of a 4-month (17-week) regimen.
• The "HPMZ" regimen.
  • Intensive Phase (8 weeks): Isoniazid (H), Rifapentine (P), Moxifloxacin (M), and Pyrazinamide (Z).
  • Continuation Phase (9 weeks): Isoniazid (H), Rifapentine (P), and Moxifloxacin (M).
• Key Shift: Drug Swap: Rifapentine replaces Rifampin; Moxifloxacin replaces Ethambutol.
  • Potency: Rifapentine has a longer half-life and higher potency against M. tuberculosis than rifampin, allowing for the shorter duration.
  • Eligibility: Patients must be 12 years old, 40 kg, and have non-extrapulmonary disease (excluding lymph node TB).

2. Drug-Resistant TB (MDR/RR-TB)

Historically, multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) required 18–24 months of treatment, often involving painful daily injections (aminoglycosides) and significant toxicity.

• The Change: A shift to a 6-month, all-oral, injection-free regimen.
• The Highlight: The BPaLM regimen.
  • Components: Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, Linezolid (600mg), and Moxifloxacin.
• Key Shift:
  • Elimination of Injectables: Amikacin and Kanamycin are no longer first-line.
  • Duration: Reduced by 12–18 months compared to older standards.
  • Pharmacology: Bedaquiline (inhibits mycobacterial ATP synthase) and Pretomanid (inhibits cell wall synthesis) are the "backbone" of this highly effective combination.

3. Pediatric TB (Non-Severe)

The treatment for children has been simplified based on the SHINE trial evidence, recognizing that children often have paucibacillary (low bacterial load) disease.

• The Change: Treatment shortened from 6 months to 4 months.
• The Highlight: The 2HRZ(E)/2HR regimen.
• Key Shift:
  • Duration: Children with non-severe disease (e.g., isolated hilar lymphadenopathy without cavitation) now stop treatment 2 months earlier.
  • Safety: Shorter duration significantly reduces the cumulative risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in pediatric patients.

4. Treatment Delivery: From Clinic to Camera

The delivery of Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) has evolved to accommodate patient autonomy and reduce public health resource strain.

• The Change: Video DOT (vDOT) is now considered an equivalent alternative to in-person DOT.
• The Highlight: Use of synchronous (real-time) or asynchronous (recorded) video for dose verification.
• Key Shift: This removes the "stigma" of health department vehicles visiting homes and allows patients to maintain employment and education while ensuring adherence.

Summary: Then vs. Now

Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin antibiotic, that has been included in shortened tuberculosis (TB) treatment regimens, as adviced in latest WHO guidelines 2025. Its pharmacokinetic profile allows for less frequent dosing and shorter treatment durations compared to the traditional standard, Rifampin.

1. Mechanism of Action and Antimicrobial Spectrum

• Mechanism: Rifapentine inhibits mycobacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. By binding to the β-subunit of the enzyme, it blocks RNA synthesis, leading to cell death.
• Spectrum: Potently bactericidal against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It also has activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC).
• Cross-Resistance: M. tuberculosis strains resistant to Rifampin are almost always cross-resistant to Rifapentine.

2. Pharmacokinetic Advantages (vs. Rifampin)

Rifapentine’s clinical utility stems directly from its superior pharmacokinetics:

• Half-Life: longer half-life (~15 hours) compared to Rifampin (~2–3 hours). This long duration of action allows for intermittent (weekly) or high-dose daily dosing.
• Potency: more active in vitro against M. tuberculosis than Rifampin.
• Absorption: Absorption is increased by food, particularly a high-fat meal. Patients are usually advised to take it with food to maximize bioavailability.

3. Adverse effects

Hepatotoxicity (DILI) - Baseline and monthly Liver Function Tests (LFTs). Risks increase with INH co-administration or daily high-dose RPT.

Gastrointestinal Effects - Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain. Often mitigated by taking with food.

Hypersensitivity Reactions - Including "flu-like syndrome" (more common with intermittent dosing).

Body Fluid Discoloration: (not a side effect but should be communicated to patients) Turns urine, sweat, tears, and saliva an orange-red color. Can permanently stain contact lenses.

4. Interactions

Rifapentine is a potent inducer of the Cytochrome P450 system (especially CYP3A4), though generally less potent than Rifampin. It significantly reduces the plasma concentrations of many co-administered drugs. Key affected classes include:

• Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): Protease inhibitors, NNRTIs, and integrase inhibitors. Requires specialized consultation in HIV-positive patients.
• Oral Contraceptives: Patients must use barrier methods of birth control while on therapy.
• Warfarin
• Anticonvulsants

• Laughing epilepsy refers to gelastic seizures (from Greek gelos = laughter), a rare type of focal seizure characterized by inappropriate, unprovoked bouts of laughter.

Etiology

• Most commonly associated with hypothalamic hamartoma
• Other causes:
  • Temporal or frontal lobe lesions
  • Cortical dysplasia
  • Tumors or structural brain abnormalities

👉 Hypothalamic hamartomas are classically associated with gelastic (laughing) seizures

Clinical Features

• Sudden episodes of inappropriate laughter
• Laughter is -Stereotyped , Not associated with emotion (no happiness)
• May be accompanied by:
  • Facial flushing, autonomic features
  • Altered awareness (sometimes preserved)
• Often brief (seconds) but frequent
• Can evolve into other seizure types over time
• Associated features (especially with hypothalamic hamartoma):
  • Precocious puberty
  • Behavioral problems
  • Developmental delay

EEG Findings

• May be normal or show focal epileptiform discharges (often temporal/frontal)

Diagnosis

• Clinical suspicion based on characteristic laughter spells
• MRI brain → essential to detect hypothalamic hamartoma

Management

• Often drug-resistant epilepsy
• Treatment options:
  • Antiepileptic drugs (limited efficacy)
  • Surgical options:
    • Resection/disconnection of hamartoma
    • Stereotactic radiosurgery
    • Laser ablation

NBEMS Diploma Final Examination June 2026: Key Dates, Eligibility, and Application Guide

The National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences (NBEMS) has released the information bulletin for the upcoming NBEMS Diploma Final Examination - June 2026. This exit examination is a critical milestone for trainees to obtain their diploma qualification in various medical specialties.

Below is a comprehensive summary of everything you need to know to prepare for this session.

1. Important Dates to Remember

Mark your calendars with these essential timelines to ensure you don't miss the application window or examination days:

Note: All theory papers are scheduled from 09:00 AM to 12:00 PM. The schedule for practical examinations will be shared via admit cards on the Online Exit Exam Portal (OEEP).

2. Eligibility Criteria

To be eligible for the June 2026 session, candidates must meet the following requirements:

• Training Completion: Candidates must be registered NBEMS Diploma trainees who are completing their prescribed training by September 30, 2026.
• Formative Assessment: Trainees must have participated in at least one Formative Assessment Test (FAT) conducted by their hospital during their training period.
• Medical Registration: Candidates must ensure their MBBS qualification is recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC).

3. Featured Specialties

The examination will be conducted across several key medical specialties, including:

• Anaesthesiology
• Family Medicine
• Obstetrics and Gynaecology
• Ophthalmology
• Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
• Paediatrics
• Radio Diagnosis
• Tuberculosis & Chest Disease

4. Application Fee

The fee for the NBEMS Diploma Final Examination is as follows:

• Theory and Practical Examination: ₹ 5,250/-
• Only Practical Examination: ₹ 5,250/-

Note: These fees are non-refundable and cannot be carried forward to future exam sessions.

5. How to Apply

Applications can only be submitted online through the official NBEMS website at natboard.edu.in.

1. Registration: New users must register to obtain a User ID.
2. Submission: Access the "Application Link" under the Exit Examination section to complete the form.
3. Documents: Ensure you have a digital copy of your registration letter, latest photograph, signature, and thumb impression ready for upload.

6. Examination Day Guidelines

• Reporting Time: Candidates are allowed to enter the center starting at 07:00 AM, with registration closing strictly at 08:30 AM.
• Mandatory ID: You must carry one original, valid ID proof such as a PAN Card, Driving License, Voter ID, Passport, or Aadhaar Card (with photograph).
• Prohibited Items: Mobile phones and electronic devices are strictly banned within the testing premises.

For more detailed information, candidates should refer to the official Information Bulletin on the NBEMS website. Stay updated on the latest notifications to ensure a smooth examination process.

Analyzing Previous Year Questions (PYQs) isn't just about "looking at old papers"—it’s about decoding the exam's DNA to study smarter, not harder.

🚀 Why Previous year Exam Analysis is Your Secret Weapon

1. Identify the "Paper Personality"

The National Board of Examinations (NBE) often follows a predictable logic for how topics are distributed across the three / four papers. The official distribution as per NBE is as follows:

Paper I:

• Basic sciences as applied to pediatrics
• Community Pediatrics
• Research Methodology

Paper II:

• Neonatology
• General pediatrics including advances in pediatrics related to :

1. 1. Nutrition
   2. Growth and development and Immunization
   3. Neurology and disabilities
   4. Nephrology
   5. Hematology
   6. Oncology

Paper III:

• i) Infectious diseases
• ii) Genetics , Immunology , Rheumatology , Psychiatry and behavioral
• sciences
• iii) Skin , Eye, ENT
• iv) Adolescent health , Critical care , Accidents and poisoning
• v) Endocrinology, Gastroenterology , Hepatology , Respiratory and
• Cardiovascular disorders

Paper IV:

• Applied Pediatric medicine
• Applied Basic Sciences
• Recent advances

2. Decode the Marking Scheme

Gone are the days of writing 5-page essays for a single question. Current trends show a shift toward highly structured sub-questions:

• NBE is changing the marks distribution from one session to other. Questions can be broken into 2-2-2-4 or 3-3-4 point formats
• Management usually carries the highest weight (4–5 marks).
• Analysis helps you realize that if you miss the "Management" section, you've essentially lost 50% of the marks for that topic.

3. Spot the "High-Yield" Constants

Trend analysis reveals which topics the examiners are "obsessed" with. In the most recent papers, Neurology appeared in all three sections—ranging from acute ADEM to chronic Intellectual Disability . If you haven't mastered Neuro, you're leaving 30+ marks on the table.

4. Master the "Easy Wins"

Many candidates ignore Biostatistics, yet it appeared as a dedicated 10-mark question in Paper 1 (covering Sensitivity and Specificity) . Analysis tells you that spending two hours on stats can guarantee you a full 10% of your Paper 1 score.

The Takeaway: Studying without analysis is like running a race without a map. You might have the energy, but you'll likely take the wrong turns.

How to Use This in Your Revision:

• Tag your notes: When you read a topic, mark it with "Paper 1" or "Paper 3" based on where it usually appears.
• Practice the "Split": Don't just write a summary. Practice writing answers in the 3-3-4 format to mimic the actual answer booklet .
• Prioritize Management: Since it carries the most marks, ensure your protocols (like the management of Salicylate poisoning or DSD) are flow-chart ready.